Transthoracic go to: Transesophageal

 

Normal Values
Data Origin: 43 normal subjects, age 42±13 yeas (range: 20-74 years), body surface area: 1.8±0.2 m2,  mean arterial pressure: 94±9 mmHg, mean heart rate: 70±10 bpm (range: 52-93).
M-Mode Examination, Left ventricle  [Mean±SD]
End-diastolic diameter End-systolic diameter Fibre fractional shortening Interventricular septum thickness Septal systolic thickening Postero-lateral wall thickness Wall systolic thickening Hypertrophy index Mass index  End-systolic meridional wall stress	49±4 mm   30±5 mm 38±6  % 9±1 mm 51±19 % 8±1 mm 94±30 % 0.34±0.05 91±20 g/ m2  56±17 103 dynes/cm2
2D Exam, left ventricle  [Mean±SD]
4-Chambers   End-diastolic volume End-systolic volume Ejection fraction 2-Chambers   End-diastolic volume End-systolic volume Ejection fraction Biplane  End-diastolic volume  End-systolic volume  Ejection fraction Stroke volume  Cardiac output  Mitral anulus, end-systole Left Atrium Supero-inferior axis, end-systole Transverse axis, end-systole End-systolic area End-systolic volume End-diastolic area End-diastolic volume Minimum area Minimum volume	91±21 ml  (monoplane area/length, Dodge correction) 38±11 ml 58±7 % 102±18 ml 41±14 ml 61±10 % 95±18 ml   -  Index= 55±9 ml/m2 (area/length, Dodge correction) 39±11  ml - Index= 23±6  ml/m2 59±7   56±14 ml  - Index= 32±7 mlm2 3.8±0.9  lt -  Index= 2.2±0.5 lt/m2 2.5±0.5 cm  4.7±0.5 cm (1 frame before mitral valve opening) 3.9±0.5 cm 19±3 cm2 (1 frame before mitral valve opening) 58±17 ml  (area/length) 14±4 cm2 (end of ECG P wave) 37±15 ml 10±3 cm2 (1 frame before atrial expansion) 21±10 ml
Diagnostic & Parameter Ranges for the Report
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction [Modified Simpson Formula]
Normal  Mildly reduced Moderately reduced   Severely reduced	55 – 65 %   45 – 55 %   35 – 45 %   < 35 %
Aortic Valve Stenosis:
Grade   Mild   Moderate   Severe	Mean Gradient (mmHg) - Estimated Area (cm2)     < 20                                          > 1.4   20 – 50                                     0.8 – 1.4     > 50                                          < 0.8
Mitral Valve Stenosis:
Grade   Mild   Moderate   Severe	Mean Gradient (mmHg) - Estimated Area (cm2)     < 6                                               > 1.5   6 – 16                                           1 – 1.5     > 16                                               <  1
Wall Motion (16 segments model) and Scoring:
Walls A     Anterior AL   Antero-lateral SA  Anterior septum I      Infero-Posterior SI    Inferior septum PL   Postero-Lateral Asynergy index Percent dyssynergy	Asynergy Score 0   Not visualized 1   Normokinesis 2   Hypokinesis 3   Akinesis 4   Diskinesis 5   Aneurysm Sum of all scores / number of  visualized segments Number of abnormal segments / number of  visualized segments
Pericardial Effusion:
Mild Moderate Severe	< 1 cm separation    =  300 ml 1-2 cm separation    =  500 ml > 2 cm  separation    > 700 ml
Exam Quality:
Good    Sufficient    Poor   Inadequate	Complete analysis of all parameters Acceptable analysis of all parameters Analysis limited to a few parameters Incomplete study

 

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