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Left
ventricular end-systolic meridional wall stress (M-mode)
0.98 x (0.334 x SAP x ESD)
/ [PWTs x (1 + (PWTs
/ ESD))]
- 2
(x 103 dynes / cm2)
(Reicheck et
al., 1982)Left ventricular peak
wall stress (M-mode)
0.86 x (0.334 x SAP x EDD)
/ [PWTd x (1 + (PWTd
/ EDD))]
- 2
(x 103 dynes / cm2)
(WIlson et al,
1980)
Left ventricular mean wall stress
(M-mode)
SAP x [(EDD
+ ESD)
/ 2 x (PWTd
+ PWTs)]
(Quinones et
al, 1980)
Left ventricular pre-ejection wall stress
(M-mode)
(at opening of aortic cusps)
[(DAP x (EDD
/ 2)) / PWTd]
x [1 - EDD
/ 8 x (EDD
+ PWTd)]
Left ventricular mid-systolic wall stress
(M-mode)
(SAP x b / h) x [(1 - b2) / (2 x a2)]
(g/cm2)
Normal mean: 241±38
Left ventricular end-systolic
circumferential wall stress (2D)
(SAP x ESD) / (2 x PWTs) x [(1 - ESD3) / (2 x long axis2)
x (ESD + PTWs)]
103 dynes/cm2
(WHO/ISFC task
Force on Haemodynamics, 1985)
Normal value= 213±29 (Douglas
et al., 1987)
Left ventricular systolic wall tension
1.333 x SAP x (ESD / 2)
(Schairer et al., 1994)
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a: 2 x b
b: mid-systolic diameter / 2
DAP: diastolic arterial pressure
EDD:end-diastolic diameter
ESD: end-systolic diameter
h: mid-systolic postero-lateral wall thickness
PWTd: ens-diastolic postero-lateral wall thickness
PWTs: end-systolic postero-lateral wall thickness
SAP: systolic arterial pressure
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